The response of the ground to the tunneling is an area of great importance for projects in ur-ban environments characterized by soft soils and other structures neighboring. To reduce the risk of damage resulting from the construction of a tunnel, the engineer designer must be able to make reliable predictions of tunneling induced deformations and their effects on the adja-cent structures like pile foundations. This paper presents a FE 2D numerical analysis of tun-nel-pile interaction to predicting these ground movements and estimating the additional axial forces and deformations caused to these existing piles after the realization of the tunnel where the deformations become stable and the calculation can be performed in 2D. The re-sults found were compared with others studies provided by other authors in order to make comparisons, they are in good agreement. In addition, the analysis of influence of some pa-rameters on the settlement of single-pile are also investigated, including pile length, diameter and depth tunnel and the horizontal position separating the pile from the vertical tunnel axis. The parametric study proved the influence of the different parameters on the behavior of the soil.

Solar systems are considered one of the easiest and least expensive ways to implement, but their low efficiency and short life cycle are the major obstacles to their use, as they are completely linked to external climatic factors such as temperature and solar radiation. To increase its efficiency, the researchers relied on tracking the maximum power point of the photovoltaic system using classic and modern control techniques it differs among themselves in terms of simplicity and complexity in implementation, so choosing an appropriate control technique is important to obtain the best results. In this work, modified control Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm PSO for maximum power point tracking and comparative study with fuzzy logic. both technologies are classified under the category of intelligent control. To achieve the system, the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment is used for both techniques and compared the results, according to these results and under similar standard test conditions, it is concluded that both methods are highly effective, but the PSO method provides a better response rate and tracking accuracy than fuzzy logic.

The increasing volume of money lending transactions by employees of PT Sumi Indo Kabel and PT Karya Sumiden Indonesia has an impact on the difficulty of cooperative management in selecting the eligibility of members to be able to apply for money loans, this is because the process is still done manually, so the process of borrowing members becomes slow. Therefore, it is necessary to make a decision support system (DSS) to determine the feasibility of granting money loans to eligible members using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method and the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). With this decision support systems that can solved the problem in determining lending to eligible and the eligible members.

In this paper, we study in a theoretical way the γ-Aminobutyric acid GABA, which has many important biological functions. The optimized molecular structure was studied by the DFT/B3LYP method with a 6-31 G (d, p) basis set, we used the software Gaussian 09. we are considering the vibrational spectra of the molecule. The Raman spectrum of GABA was recorded in the 4000-40 cm-1 region. This spectrum constitutes the experimental support that allows the theoretical reproduction of the vibrational frequencies. Good agreements were obtained between the observed and calculated frequencies. The scale factors are adjusted to obtain a good agreement between the calculated and observed frequencies. The results obtained reproduce the experimental frequencies